The heart pumps blood throughout the body through the arteries. With each heart contraction, it propels blood into the blood vessels. Blood pressure is generated by the exertion of blood against the walls of arteries as it is propelled by the heart. As pressure increases, the heart's workload intensifies. Hypertension, commonly referred to as high or elevated blood pressure, is a medical disorder characterized by consistently increased pressure in the blood arteries.
Hypertension is the primary risk factor for illnesses and deaths in the WHO European Region, accounting for nearly a quarter (24%) of fatalities and 13% of disability cases in 2019. Elevated blood pressure is a notable risk factor for both cardiovascular deaths and burden (impact on the population). Hypertension, frequently presents without noticeable symptoms, allowing it to go undetected. Consequently, the initial clinical indications may manifest as severe occurrences like heart attacks or strokes, which can have disastrous consequences. Approximately 33% of individuals with hypertension in the WHO European Region are unaware of their condition, and even among those who have been identified, management might be suboptimal.

Blood pressure is expressed numerically as a pair of values. The initial (systolic) numeral signifies the pressure within blood vessels during the contraction or pulsation of the heart. The second number, known as the diastolic number, indicates the pressure in the blood vessels during the period when the heart is at rest between beats. Hypertension is determined by measuring the systolic blood pressure on two separate occasions, with a reading of ≥140 mmHg, and/or the diastolic blood pressure on both occasions, with a reading of ≥90 mmHg.

Adopting a more nutritious diet, ceasing tobacco use, and increasing physical activity can effectively reduce blood pressure levels. Certain individuals may continue to experience hypertension despite making modifications to their lifestyle, in which case the doctor may advise the use of one or many medications. The optimal blood pressure target may vary based on additional underlying health issues. The majority of individuals want to maintain a blood pressure reading below 140/90.
There are various commonly prescribed medications for blood pressure management, including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-1 receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone.